初探Python3的异步IO编程_python教程_开发教程

先简单介绍下各种 IO 模型：

最容易做的是阻塞 IO，即读写数据时，需要等待操作完成，才能继续执行。进阶的做法就是用多线程来处理需要 IO 的部分，缺点是开销会有些大。

接着是非阻塞 IO，即读写数据时，如果暂时不可读写，则立刻返回，而不等待。因为不知道什么时候是可读写的，所以轮询时可能会浪费 CPU 时间。

然后是 IO 复用，即在读写数据前，先检查哪些描述符是可读写的，再去读写。select 和 poll 就是这样做的，它们会遍历所有被监视的描述符，查看是否满足，这个检查的过程是阻塞的。而 epoll、kqueue 和 /dev/poll 则做了些改进，事先注册需要检查哪些描述符的哪些事件，当状态发生变化时，内核会调用对应的回调函数，将这些描述符保存下来；下次获取可用的描述符时，直接返回这些发生变化的描述符即可。

再之后是信号驱动，即描述符就绪时，内核发送 SIGIO 信号，再由信号处理程序去处理这些信号即可。不过信号处理的时机是从内核态返回用户态时，感觉也得把这些事件收集起来才好处理，有点像模拟 IO 复用了。

最后是异步 IO，即读写数据时，只注册事件，内核完成读写后（读取的数据会复制到用户态），再调用事件处理函数。这整个过程都不会阻塞调用线程，不过实现它的操作系统比较少，Windows 上有比较成熟的 IOCP，Linux 上的 AIO 则有不少缺点。

虽然真正的异步 IO 需要中间任何步骤都没有阻塞，这对于某些只是偶尔需要处理 IO 请求的情况确实有用（比如文本编辑器偶尔保存一下文件）；但对于服务器端编程的大多数情况而言，它的主线程就是用来处理 IO 请求的，如果在空闲时不阻塞在 IO 等待上，也没有别的事情能做，所以本文就不纠结这个异步是否名副其实了。

在 Python 2 的时代，高性能的网络编程主要是使用 Twisted、Tornado 和 gevent 这三个库。

我对 Twisted 不熟，只知道它的缺点是比较重，性能相对而言并不算好。

Tornado 平时用得比较多，缺点是写异步调用时特别麻烦。

gevent 我只能算接触过，缺点是不太干净。

由于它们都各自有一个 IO loop，不好混用，而 Tornado 的 web 框架相对而言比较完善，因此成了我的首选。

而从 Python 3.4 开始，标准库里又新增了 asyncio 这个模块。

从原理上来说，它和 Tornado 其实差不多，都是注册 IO 事件，然后在 IO loop 中等待事件发生，然后调用相应的处理函数。

不同之处在于 Python 3 增加了一些新的特性，而 Tornado 需要兼容 Python 2，所以写起来会比较麻烦。

举例来说，Python 3.3 可以在 generator 中 return 返回值（相当于 raise StopIteration），而 Tornado 中需要 raise 一个 Return 对象。此外，Python 3.3 还增加了 yield from 语法，减轻了在 generator 中处理另一个 generator 的工作量（省去了循环和 try … except …）。

不过，虽然 asyncio 有那么多得天独厚的优势，却不一定比 Tornado 的性能更好，所以我写个简单的例子测试一下。

比较方法就是写个最简单的 HTTP 服务器，不做任何检查，读取到任何内容都输出一个 hello world，并断开连接。

测试的客户端就懒得写了，直接用 ab 即可：

ab -n 10000 -c 10 "http://0.0.0.0:8000/"

ab -n 10000 -c 10 "http://0.0.0.0:8000/"

Tornado 版是这样：

from tornado.gen import coroutine
from tornado.ioloop import IOLoop
from tornado.tcpserver import TCPServer

class Server(TCPServer):
    @coroutine
    def handle_stream(self, stream, address):
        try:
            yield stream.read_bytes(1024, partial=True)
            yield stream.write(b'HTTP 1.0 200 OKrnrnhello world')
        finally:
            stream.close()

server = Server()
server.bind(8000)
server.start(1)
IOLoop.current().start()

fromtornado.genimportcoroutine
fromtornado.ioloopimportIOLoop
fromtornado.tcpserverimportTCPServer
 
class Server(TCPServer):
    @coroutine
    defhandle_stream(self, stream, address):
        try:
            yieldstream.read_bytes(1024, partial=True)
            yieldstream.write(b'HTTP 1.0 200 OKrnrnhello world')
        finally:
            stream.close()
 
server = Server()
server.bind(8000)
server.start(1)
IOLoop.current().start()

在我的电脑上大概 4000 QPS。

asyncio 版是这样：

import asyncio

class Server(asyncio.Protocol):
    def connection_made(self, transport):
        self.transport = transport

    def data_received(self, data):
        try:
            self.transport.write(b'HTTP/1.1 200 OKrnrnhello world')
        finally:
            self.transport.close()

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
server = loop.create_server(Server, '', 8000)
loop.run_until_complete(server)
loop.run_forever()

importasyncio
 
class Server(asyncio.Protocol):
    defconnection_made(self, transport):
        self.transport = transport
 
    defdata_received(self, data):
        try:
            self.transport.write(b'HTTP/1.1 200 OKrnrnhello world')
        finally:
            self.transport.close()
 
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
server = loop.create_server(Server, '', 8000)
loop.run_until_complete(server)
loop.run_forever()

在我的电脑上大概 3000 QPS，比 Tornado 版慢了一些。此外，asyncio 的 transport 在 write 时不用 yield from，这点可能有些不一致。

asyncio 还有个高级版的 API：

import asyncio

@asyncio.coroutine
def handle(reader, writer):
    yield from reader.read(1024)
    writer.write(b'HTTP/1.1 200 OKrnrnhello world')
    yield from writer.drain()
    writer.close()

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
task = asyncio.start_server(handle, '', 8000, loop=loop)
server = loop.run_until_complete(task)
loop.run_forever()

importasyncio
 
@asyncio.coroutine
defhandle(reader, writer):
    yieldfromreader.read(1024)
    writer.write(b'HTTP/1.1 200 OKrnrnhello world')
    yieldfromwriter.drain()
    writer.close()
 
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
task = asyncio.start_server(handle, '', 8000, loop=loop)
server = loop.run_until_complete(task)
loop.run_forever()

在我的电脑上大概 2200 QPS。这下读写都要 yield from 了，一致性上来说会好些。

以框架的性能而言，其实都够用，开销都不超过 1 毫秒，而 web 请求一般都需要 10 毫秒的以上的处理时间。

于是顺便再测一下和 MySQL 的搭配，即在每个请求内调用一下 SELECT 1，然后输出返回值。

因为自己懒得写客户端了，于是就用现成的 tornado_mysql 和 aiomysql 来测试了。原理应该都差不多，发送写请求后就返回，等收到可读事件时再获取内容。

Tornado 版是这样：

from tornado.gen import coroutine
from tornado.ioloop import IOLoop
from tornado.tcpserver import TCPServer
from tornado_mysql import pools

class Server(TCPServer):
    @coroutine
    def handle_stream(self, stream, address):
        try:
            yield stream.read_bytes(1024, partial=True)
            cursor = yield POOL.execute(b'SELECT 1')
            data = cursor.fetchone()
            yield stream.write('HTTP/1.1 200 OKrnrn{0[0]}'.format(data).encode())  # Python 3.5 的 bytes 才能用 % 格式化
        finally:
            stream.close()

POOL = pools.Pool(
    dict(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='mysql'),
    max_idle_connections=10,
    max_open_connections=10)

server = Server()
server.bind(8000)
server.start(1)
IOLoop.current().start()

fromtornado.genimportcoroutine
fromtornado.ioloopimportIOLoop
fromtornado.tcpserverimportTCPServer
fromtornado_mysqlimportpools
 
class Server(TCPServer):
    @coroutine
    defhandle_stream(self, stream, address):
        try:
            yieldstream.read_bytes(1024, partial=True)
            cursor = yieldPOOL.execute(b'SELECT 1')
            data = cursor.fetchone()
            yieldstream.write('HTTP/1.1 200 OKrnrn{0[0]}'.format(data).encode())  # Python 3.5 的 bytes 才能用 % 格式化
        finally:
            stream.close()
 
POOL = pools.Pool(
    dict(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', passwd='123', db='mysql'),
    max_idle_connections=10,
    max_open_connections=10)
 
server = Server()
server.bind(8000)
server.start(1)
IOLoop.current().start()

在我的电脑上大概 680 QPS。

asyncio 版是这样：

import asyncio

import aiomysql

class Server(asyncio.Protocol):
    def connection_made(self, transport):
        self.transport = transport

class Server(asyncio.Protocol):
    def connection_made(self, transport):
        self.transport = transport

    def data_received(self, data):
        @asyncio.coroutine
        def handle():
            with (yield from pool) as conn:
                cursor = yield from conn.cursor()
                yield from cursor.execute(b'SELECT 1')
                result = yield from cursor.fetchone()
            try:
                self.transport.write('HTTP/1.1 200 OKrnrn{0[0]}'.format(result).encode())
            finally:
                self.transport.close()
        loop.create_task(handle())  # 或者 asyncio.async(handle())

@asyncio.coroutine
def get_pool():
    return(yield from aiomysql.create_pool(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', password='123', loop=loop))

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
pool = loop.run_until_complete(get_pool())

server = loop.create_server(Server, '', 8000)
loop.run_until_complete(server)
loop.run_forever()

importasyncio
 
importaiomysql
 
class Server(asyncio.Protocol):
    defconnection_made(self, transport):
        self.transport = transport
 
class Server(asyncio.Protocol):
    defconnection_made(self, transport):
        self.transport = transport
 
    defdata_received(self, data):
        @asyncio.coroutine
        defhandle():
            with (yieldfrompool) as conn:
                cursor = yieldfromconn.cursor()
                yieldfromcursor.execute(b'SELECT 1')
                result = yieldfromcursor.fetchone()
            try:
                self.transport.write('HTTP/1.1 200 OKrnrn{0[0]}'.format(result).encode())
            finally:
                self.transport.close()
        loop.create_task(handle())  # 或者 asyncio.async(handle())
 
@asyncio.coroutine
defget_pool():
    return(yieldfromaiomysql.create_pool(host='127.0.0.1', port=3306, user='root', password='123', loop=loop))
 
loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
pool = loop.run_until_complete(get_pool())
 
server = loop.create_server(Server, '', 8000)
loop.run_until_complete(server)
loop.run_forever()

在我的电脑上大概 1250 QPS，比 Tornado 版快了不少。不过写起来比较蛋疼，因为 data_received 方法里不能直接用 yield from。

用 cProfile 看了下，Tornado 版在 tornado.gen 和 functools 模块里花了不少时间，可能是异步调用过多了吧。但如果不做异步库的开发者，而只就使用者的体验而言，Tornado 会显得更加灵活和易用。不过 asyncio 的高级 API 应该也能提供类似的体验。

顺便再用底层 socket 模块写个服务器试试。先用 poll 看看，错误处理什么的就先不做了：

from functools import partial
import select
import socket

class Server:
    def __init__(self):
        self._sock = socket.socket()
        self._poll = select.poll()
        self._handlers = {}
        self._fd_events = {}

    def start(self):
        sock = self._sock
        sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        sock.setblocking(0)
        sock.bind(('', 8000))
        sock.listen(100)

        handlers = self._handlers
        poll = self._poll
        self.add_handler(sock.fileno(), self._accept, select.POLLIN)

        while True:
            poll_events = poll.poll(1)
            for fd, event in poll_events:
                handler = handlers.get(fd)
                if handler:
                    handler()

    def _accept(self):
        for i in range(100):
            try:
                conn, address = self._sock.accept()
            except OSError:
                break
            else:
                conn.setblocking(0)
                fd = conn.fileno()
                self.add_handler(fd, partial(self._read, conn), select.POLLIN)

    def _read(self, conn):
        fd = conn.fileno()
        self.remove_handler(fd)
        try:
            conn.recv(1024)
        except:
            conn.close()
            raise
        else:
            self.add_handler(fd, partial(self._write, conn), select.POLLOUT)

    def _write(self, conn):
        fd = conn.fileno()
        self.remove_handler(fd)
        try:
            conn.send(b'HTTP 1.0 200 OKrnrnhello world')
        finally:
            conn.close()

    def add_handler(self, fd, handler, event):
        self._handlers[fd] = handler
        self.register(fd, event)

    def remove_handler(self, fd):
        self._handlers.pop(fd, None)
        self.unregister(fd)

    def register(self, fd, event):
        if fd in self._fd_events:
            raise IOError("fd %s already registered" % fd)
        self._poll.register(fd, event)
        self._fd_events[fd] = event

    def unregister(self, fd):
        event = self._fd_events.pop(fd, None)
        if event is not None:
            self._poll.unregister(fd)

Server().start()

fromfunctoolsimportpartial
importselect
importsocket
 
class Server:
    def__init__(self):
        self._sock = socket.socket()
        self._poll = select.poll()
        self._handlers = {}
        self._fd_events = {}
 
    defstart(self):
        sock = self._sock
        sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        sock.setblocking(0)
        sock.bind(('', 8000))
        sock.listen(100)
 
        handlers = self._handlers
        poll = self._poll
        self.add_handler(sock.fileno(), self._accept, select.POLLIN)
 
        while True:
            poll_events = poll.poll(1)
            for fd, eventin poll_events:
                handler = handlers.get(fd)
                if handler:
                    handler()
 
    def_accept(self):
        for i in range(100):
            try:
                conn, address = self._sock.accept()
            exceptOSError:
                break
            else:
                conn.setblocking(0)
                fd = conn.fileno()
                self.add_handler(fd, partial(self._read, conn), select.POLLIN)
 
    def_read(self, conn):
        fd = conn.fileno()
        self.remove_handler(fd)
        try:
            conn.recv(1024)
        except:
            conn.close()
            raise
        else:
            self.add_handler(fd, partial(self._write, conn), select.POLLOUT)
 
    def_write(self, conn):
        fd = conn.fileno()
        self.remove_handler(fd)
        try:
            conn.send(b'HTTP 1.0 200 OKrnrnhello world')
        finally:
            conn.close()
 
    defadd_handler(self, fd, handler, event):
        self._handlers[fd] = handler
        self.register(fd, event)
 
    defremove_handler(self, fd):
        self._handlers.pop(fd, None)
        self.unregister(fd)
 
    defregister(self, fd, event):
        if fdin self._fd_events:
            raiseIOError("fd %s already registered" % fd)
        self._poll.register(fd, event)
        self._fd_events[fd] = event
 
    defunregister(self, fd):
        event = self._fd_events.pop(fd, None)
        if eventis not None:
            self._poll.unregister(fd)
 
Server().start()

在我的电脑上大概 7700 QPS，优势巨大。

再用 kqueue 试试（我用的是 OS X）：

from functools import partial
import select
import socket

class Server:
    def __init__(self):
        self._sock = socket.socket()
        self._kqueue = select.kqueue()
        self._handlers = {}
        self._fd_events = {}

    def start(self):
        sock = self._sock
        sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        sock.setblocking(0)
        sock.bind(('', 8000))
        sock.listen(100)

        self.add_handler(sock.fileno(), self._accept, select.KQ_FILTER_READ)
        handlers = self._handlers

        while True:
            kevents = self._kqueue.control(None, 1000, 1)
            for kevent in kevents:
                fd = kevent.ident
                handler = handlers.get(fd)
                if handler:
                    handler()

    def _accept(self):
        for i in range(100):
            try:
                conn, address = self._sock.accept()
            except OSError:
                break
            else:
                conn.setblocking(0)
                fd = conn.fileno()
                self.add_handler(fd, partial(self._read, conn), select.KQ_FILTER_READ)

    def _read(self, conn):
        fd = conn.fileno()
        self.remove_handler(fd)
        try:
            conn.recv(1024)
        except:
            conn.close()
            raise
        else:
            self.add_handler(fd, partial(self._write, conn), select.KQ_FILTER_WRITE)

    def _write(self, conn):
        fd = conn.fileno()
        self.remove_handler(fd)
        try:
            conn.send(b'HTTP 1.0 200 OKrnrnhello world')
        finally:
            conn.close()

    def add_handler(self, fd, handler, event):
        self._handlers[fd] = handler
        self.register(fd, event)

    def remove_handler(self, fd):
        self._handlers.pop(fd, None)
        self.unregister(fd)

    def register(self, fd, event):
        if fd in self._fd_events:
            raise IOError("fd %s already registered" % fd)
        self._control(fd, event, select.KQ_EV_ADD)
        self._fd_events[fd] = event

    def unregister(self, fd):
        event = self._fd_events.pop(fd, None)
        if event is not None:
            self._control(fd, event, select.KQ_EV_DELETE)

    def _control(self, fd, event, flags):
        change_list = (select.kevent(fd, event, flags),)
        self._kqueue.control(change_list, 0)

Server().start()

fromfunctoolsimportpartial
importselect
importsocket
 
class Server:
    def__init__(self):
        self._sock = socket.socket()
        self._kqueue = select.kqueue()
        self._handlers = {}
        self._fd_events = {}
 
    defstart(self):
        sock = self._sock
        sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        sock.setblocking(0)
        sock.bind(('', 8000))
        sock.listen(100)
 
        self.add_handler(sock.fileno(), self._accept, select.KQ_FILTER_READ)
        handlers = self._handlers
 
        while True:
            kevents = self._kqueue.control(None, 1000, 1)
            for keventin kevents:
                fd = kevent.ident
                handler = handlers.get(fd)
                if handler:
                    handler()
 
    def_accept(self):
        for i in range(100):
            try:
                conn, address = self._sock.accept()
            exceptOSError:
                break
            else:
                conn.setblocking(0)
                fd = conn.fileno()
                self.add_handler(fd, partial(self._read, conn), select.KQ_FILTER_READ)
 
    def_read(self, conn):
        fd = conn.fileno()
        self.remove_handler(fd)
        try:
            conn.recv(1024)
        except:
            conn.close()
            raise
        else:
            self.add_handler(fd, partial(self._write, conn), select.KQ_FILTER_WRITE)
 
    def_write(self, conn):
        fd = conn.fileno()
        self.remove_handler(fd)
        try:
            conn.send(b'HTTP 1.0 200 OKrnrnhello world')
        finally:
            conn.close()
 
    defadd_handler(self, fd, handler, event):
        self._handlers[fd] = handler
        self.register(fd, event)
 
    defremove_handler(self, fd):
        self._handlers.pop(fd, None)
        self.unregister(fd)
 
    defregister(self, fd, event):
        if fdin self._fd_events:
            raiseIOError("fd %s already registered" % fd)
        self._control(fd, event, select.KQ_EV_ADD)
        self._fd_events[fd] = event
 
    defunregister(self, fd):
        event = self._fd_events.pop(fd, None)
        if eventis not None:
            self._control(fd, event, select.KQ_EV_DELETE)
 
    def_control(self, fd, event, flags):
        change_list = (select.kevent(fd, event, flags),)
        self._kqueue.control(change_list, 0)
 
Server().start()

在我的电脑上大概 7200 QPS，比 poll 版稍慢。不过因为只有 10 个并发连接，而且没有慢速网络的影响，所以 poll 的性能好并不奇怪。

再试试 Python 3.4 新增的 selectors 模块，它的 DefaultSelector 会自动选择所在平台最高效的实现，asyncio 就用到了这个模块。

import selectors
import socket

class Server:
    def __init__(self):
        self._sock = socket.socket()
        self._selector = selectors.DefaultSelector()

    def start(self):
        sock = self._sock
        sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        sock.setblocking(0)
        sock.bind(('', 8000))
        sock.listen(100)

        selector = self._selector
        self.add_handler(sock.fileno(), self._accept, selectors.EVENT_READ)

        while True:
            events = selector.select(1)
            for key, event in events:
                handler, data = key.data
                if data:
                    handler(**data)
                else:
                    handler()

    def _accept(self):
        for i in range(100):
            try:
                conn, address = self._sock.accept()
            except OSError:
                break
            else:
                conn.setblocking(0)
                fd = conn.fileno()
                self.add_handler(fd, self._read, selectors.EVENT_READ, {'conn': conn})

    def _read(self, conn):
        fd = conn.fileno()
        self.remove_handler(fd)
        try:
            conn.recv(1024)
        except:
            conn.close()
            raise
        else:
            self.add_handler(fd, self._write, selectors.EVENT_WRITE, {'conn': conn})

    def _write(self, conn):
        fd = conn.fileno()
        self.remove_handler(fd)
        try:
            conn.send(b'HTTP 1.0 200 OKrnrnhello world')
        finally:
            conn.close()

    def add_handler(self, fd, handler, event, data=None):
        self._selector.register(fd, event, (handler, data))

    def remove_handler(self, fd):
        self._selector.unregister(fd)

Server().start()

importselectors
importsocket
 
class Server:
    def__init__(self):
        self._sock = socket.socket()
        self._selector = selectors.DefaultSelector()
 
    defstart(self):
        sock = self._sock
        sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        sock.setblocking(0)
        sock.bind(('', 8000))
        sock.listen(100)
 
        selector = self._selector
        self.add_handler(sock.fileno(), self._accept, selectors.EVENT_READ)
 
        while True:
            events = selector.select(1)
            for key, eventin events:
                handler, data = key.data
                if data:
                    handler(**data)
                else:
                    handler()
 
    def_accept(self):
        for i in range(100):
            try:
                conn, address = self._sock.accept()
            exceptOSError:
                break
            else:
                conn.setblocking(0)
                fd = conn.fileno()
                self.add_handler(fd, self._read, selectors.EVENT_READ, {'conn': conn})
 
    def_read(self, conn):
        fd = conn.fileno()
        self.remove_handler(fd)
        try:
            conn.recv(1024)
        except:
            conn.close()
            raise
        else:
            self.add_handler(fd, self._write, selectors.EVENT_WRITE, {'conn': conn})
 
    def_write(self, conn):
        fd = conn.fileno()
        self.remove_handler(fd)
        try:
            conn.send(b'HTTP 1.0 200 OKrnrnhello world')
        finally:
            conn.close()
 
    defadd_handler(self, fd, handler, event, data=None):
        self._selector.register(fd, event, (handler, data))
 
    defremove_handler(self, fd):
        self._selector.unregister(fd)
 
Server().start()

在我的电脑上大概 6100 QPS，成绩也还不错。

从这些测试来看，如果想自己实现一个舍弃了一些功能和兼容性的 Tornado，应该能比它稍快一点，不过似乎没多大必要。所以暂时不纠结性能了，还是从使用的便利性上来考虑。Tornado 可以用 yield 取代 callback，我们也来实现这个 feature。

实现前先得了解下 yield。

当一个函数内部出现了 yield 语句时，它就不再是一个单纯的函数了，而是一个生成器函数，调用它并不会执行它的代码，而是返回一个生成器。

调用这个生成器的 send 方法时，才会执行内部的代码。当执行到 yield 时，这个 send 方法就返回了，调用者可以得到其返回值。

send 方法在第一次调用时，参数必须为 None。Python 2 中可以用它的 next 方法，Python 3 中改成了 __next__ 方法，还可以用内置的 next 函数来调用。

send 方法可以被多次调用，参数会作为 yield 的返回值，回到生成器内上一次执行的地方，并继续执行下去。

当生成器的代码执行完时，会抛出一个 StopIteration 的异常。Python 3.3 开始可以在生成器里使用 return，返回值可以从 StopIteration 异常的 value 属性获取。

for … in … 循环会自动捕获 StopIteration 异常，并作为循环停止的条件。

由此可见，yield 可以用于跳转。而我们要做的，则是在遇到 IO 请求时，用 yield 返回 IO loop；当事件发生时，找到对应的生成器，用 send 方法继续执行即可。为了简单起见，我就在 poll 版的基础上进行改造了：

from collections import deque
import select
import socket
from types import GeneratorType

class Stream:
    def __init__(self, sock, loop):
        sock.setblocking(0)
        self._sock = sock
        self._loop = loop

    def close(self):
        self._sock.close()

    def read(self, size=1024):
        sock = self._sock
        fd = sock.fileno()
        try:
            data = sock.recv(size)
        except OSError as e:
            if e.errno == socket.EAGAIN or socket.EWOULDBLOCK:
                self._loop.add_handler(fd, self.read(size), select.POLLIN)
                yield
            else:
                raise
        else:
            return data
        finally:
            self._loop.remove_handler(fd)

    def write(self, data):
        sock = self._sock
        fd = sock.fileno()
        try:
            try:
                sent_bytes = sock.send(data)
            except OSError as e:
                if e.errno not in (socket.EAGAIN, socket.EWOULDBLOCK):
                    raise
            else:
                if sent_bytes == len(data):
                    return
                data = data[sent_bytes:]

            self._loop.add_handler(fd, self.write(data), select.POLLOUT)
            yield

            while data:
                try:
                    sent_bytes = sock.send(data)
                except OSError as e:
                    if e.errno not in (socket.EAGAIN, socket.EWOULDBLOCK):
                        raise
                else:
                    if sent_bytes == len(data):
                        return
                    data = data[sent_bytes:]
                yield
        finally:
            self._loop.remove_handler(fd)

class IOLoop:
    def __init__(self):
        self._poll = select.poll()
        self._handlers = {}
        self._fd_events = {}

    def start(self):
        handlers = self._handlers
        poll = self._poll

        while True:
            poll_events = poll.poll(1)
            for fd, event in poll_events:
                handler = handlers.get(fd)
                if handler:
                    if callable(handler):
                        handler()
                    else:
                        stack = handler
                        while True:
                            generator, value = stack[-1]
                            try:
                                value = generator.send(value)
                                if isinstance(value, GeneratorType):
                                    stack.append([value, None])
                                else:
                                    break
                            except StopIteration as e:
                                stack.pop()
                                if stack:
                                    stack[-1][-1] = e.value
                                else:
                                    break

    def add_handler(self, fd, handler, event):
        if isinstance(handler, GeneratorType):
            self._handlers[fd] = deque([[handler, None]])
        else:
            self._handlers[fd] = handler
        self.register(fd, event)

    def remove_handler(self, fd):
        self._handlers.pop(fd, None)
        self.unregister(fd)

    def update_handler(self, fd, event):
        self.modify(fd, event)

    def register(self, fd, event):
        if fd in self._fd_events:
            raise IOError("fd %s already registered" % fd)
        self._poll.register(fd, event)
        self._fd_events[fd] = event

    def unregister(self, fd):
        event = self._fd_events.pop(fd, None)
        if event is not None:
            self._poll.unregister(fd)

    def modify(self, fd, event):
        self._poll.modify(fd, event)
        self._fd_events[fd] = event

class Server:
    def __init__(self):
        self._sock = socket.socket()
        self._loop = IOLoop()
        self._stream = Stream(self._sock, self._loop)

    def start(self):
        sock = self._sock
        sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        sock.setblocking(0)
        sock.bind(('', 8000))
        sock.listen(100)

        self._loop.add_handler(sock.fileno(), self._accept, select.POLLIN)
        self._loop.start()

    def _accept(self):
        for i in range(100):
            try:
                conn, address = self._sock.accept()
            except OSError:
                break
            else:
                stream = Stream(conn, self._loop)
                fd = conn.fileno()
                self._loop.add_handler(fd, self._handle(stream), select.POLLIN)

    def _handle(self, stream):
        yield stream.read()
        yield stream.write(b'HTTP 1.0 200 OK\r\n\r\nhello world')

Server().start()

fromcollectionsimportdeque
importselect
importsocket
fromtypesimportGeneratorType
 
class Stream:
    def__init__(self, sock, loop):
        sock.setblocking(0)
        self._sock = sock
        self._loop = loop
 
    defclose(self):
        self._sock.close()
 
    defread(self, size=1024):
        sock = self._sock
        fd = sock.fileno()
        try:
            data = sock.recv(size)
        exceptOSErroras e:
            if e.errno == socket.EAGAINor socket.EWOULDBLOCK:
                self._loop.add_handler(fd, self.read(size), select.POLLIN)
                yield
            else:
                raise
        else:
            return data
        finally:
            self._loop.remove_handler(fd)
 
    defwrite(self, data):
        sock = self._sock
        fd = sock.fileno()
        try:
            try:
                sent_bytes = sock.send(data)
            exceptOSErroras e:
                if e.errnonot in (socket.EAGAIN, socket.EWOULDBLOCK):
                    raise
            else:
                if sent_bytes == len(data):
                    return
                data = data[sent_bytes:]
 
            self._loop.add_handler(fd, self.write(data), select.POLLOUT)
            yield
 
            while data:
                try:
                    sent_bytes = sock.send(data)
                exceptOSErroras e:
                    if e.errnonot in (socket.EAGAIN, socket.EWOULDBLOCK):
                        raise
                else:
                    if sent_bytes == len(data):
                        return
                    data = data[sent_bytes:]
                yield
        finally:
            self._loop.remove_handler(fd)
 
class IOLoop:
    def__init__(self):
        self._poll = select.poll()
        self._handlers = {}
        self._fd_events = {}
 
    defstart(self):
        handlers = self._handlers
        poll = self._poll
 
        while True:
            poll_events = poll.poll(1)
            for fd, eventin poll_events:
                handler = handlers.get(fd)
                if handler:
                    if callable(handler):
                        handler()
                    else:
                        stack = handler
                        while True:
                            generator, value = stack[-1]
                            try:
                                value = generator.send(value)
                                if isinstance(value, GeneratorType):
                                    stack.append([value, None])
                                else:
                                    break
                            exceptStopIterationas e:
                                stack.pop()
                                if stack:
                                    stack[-1][-1] = e.value
                                else:
                                    break
 
    defadd_handler(self, fd, handler, event):
        if isinstance(handler, GeneratorType):
            self._handlers[fd] = deque([[handler, None]])
        else:
            self._handlers[fd] = handler
        self.register(fd, event)
 
    defremove_handler(self, fd):
        self._handlers.pop(fd, None)
        self.unregister(fd)
 
    defupdate_handler(self, fd, event):
        self.modify(fd, event)
 
    defregister(self, fd, event):
        if fdin self._fd_events:
            raiseIOError("fd %s already registered" % fd)
        self._poll.register(fd, event)
        self._fd_events[fd] = event
 
    defunregister(self, fd):
        event = self._fd_events.pop(fd, None)
        if eventis not None:
            self._poll.unregister(fd)
 
    defmodify(self, fd, event):
        self._poll.modify(fd, event)
        self._fd_events[fd] = event
 
class Server:
    def__init__(self):
        self._sock = socket.socket()
        self._loop = IOLoop()
        self._stream = Stream(self._sock, self._loop)
 
    defstart(self):
        sock = self._sock
        sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
        sock.setblocking(0)
        sock.bind(('', 8000))
        sock.listen(100)
 
        self._loop.add_handler(sock.fileno(), self._accept, select.POLLIN)
        self._loop.start()
 
    def_accept(self):
        for i in range(100):
            try:
                conn, address = self._sock.accept()
            exceptOSError:
                break
            else:
                stream = Stream(conn, self._loop)
                fd = conn.fileno()
                self._loop.add_handler(fd, self._handle(stream), select.POLLIN)
 
    def_handle(self, stream):
        yieldstream.read()
        yieldstream.write(b'HTTP 1.0 200 OK\r\n\r\nhello world')
 
Server().start()

在我的电脑上大概 5300 QPS。

虽然成绩比较尴尬，但毕竟用起来比前一个版本好多了。至于慢的原因，我估计是自己维护了一个堆栈的原因（也可能是有什么 bug，毕竟写这个感觉太跳跃了，能运行起来就谢天谢地了）。实现时做了两点假设：

handler 为 generator 时，视为异步方法。
在异步方法中 yield None 时，视为等待 IO；yield / yield from 异步方法时，则是等待方法返回。

实现细节也没什么好说的了，只是觉得在实现 Stream 的 read / write 方法时，调用 IOLoop.add_handler 方法不太优雅。其实可以直接 yield 一个 fd 和 event，在 IOLoop.start 方法中再去注册。不过这个重构其实蛮小的，我就不再贴一次代码了，感兴趣的可以自己试试。

(责任编辑：好模板)